Paul Volponis Black and White - 3582 Words

A brief plot summary. Give an account of the storyline. Not too many words, please! Marcus Brown and Eddie Russo are best friends and stars of the basketball team at Long Island City High School. Marcus is black and Eddie is white, and everyone call them Black and White. They’ve found strength to break through the racial barrier, or at least they believe so themselves. They are inseparable, always having each other’s backs, both on and off the basketball court. With the ability to get whatever scholarship they want, their future is looking good. Their plan is to get sports scholarship to a prestigious university and go on to play professional basketball. When the boys turn to crime, their friendship is put on the line along with the†¦show more content†¦Marcus isn’t hard to convince. They perform several successful stickups at a parking lot. Eddie holds the gun and threatens their victims, while Marcus is on the lookout. They already have enough money to pay their dues, but neither of them wants to quit. It is such an easy way to earn money, and they are tired of feeling like charity cases. Their next stickup doesn’t go according to the plan. It is Marcus’s turn to hold the gun and take care of the threatening, but he doesn’t want to because of his lack of practice. Marcus and Eddie are at their usual spot in the parking lot, and target a man coming out of a store. They don’t notice that the man is black before Eddie starts to threaten him. Before he knows it, he has shot him and the boys are running for their lives. Marcus is arrested during a game a couple of days after the incident, and he gets a publicly appointed defender. The man Eddie shot is alive. His name is Sydney Parker and he works as a bus driver on the route that runs past Marcus’s house. Parker had recognized Marcus when he looked away from Eddie pointing the gun at him. The police had given him a copy of the school yearbook, and he had picked out Marcus’s picture with ease. The police don’t have anything on Eddie, but they do know that Marcus had a partner that held the gun and shot Sydney. They keep interrogating Marcus, and try to convince him to give up his partner in exchange for a lighter sentence. Marcus refuses

Analysis Of Paulo Freire s Theory Of Existence - 1754 Words

Paulo Freire was an educational reformist from Brazil. Some had called his approach to education as radical. He had practical and theoretical ideas of education and believed in liberation through education. Much of his work had been based on involvement in teaching in the third world, which meant many that he taught had limited literacy skills. In 1959, he was exiled from Brazil because his method of education had threatened those in power. Friere wanted people to develop a theory of existence. This way, people are constantly reflecting and acting on transformation of their own perception and the world so that it becomes a more equitable place. This transformation, according to Friere, is an essential and ongoing process that never ends and is always challenging. Friere, unlike Mezirow’s transformational theory, is much more concerned about a social transformation by revealing the reality of the oppressed. This happened by the awakening of their critical consciousness, where they â€Å"learn to perceive social, political, and economic contradictions, and to take action against the oppressive elements of reality† (p. 19, Friere). This awakening or kindling of one’s critical consciousness is the result of his educational process. Freire (1970) stated that: â€Å"The more radical he is, the more fully he enters into reality so that, knowing it better, he can better transform it. He is not afraid to confront, to listen, and to see the world unveiled. He is not afraid to meet the peopleShow MoreRelatedWhat Are We Doing Here?1631 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"America the Beautifully Misguided.† For years, prominent pedagogues have sought reform in the educational dossier. They seek a sort of liberation from the pervasive and perverted ideas that permeate our great American narrative. 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Case Study Analysis for B.R. Richardson Timber - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCase Study Analysis for B.R. Richardson Timber. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the report is to conduct a case study analysis. The discussion is based on B.R. Richardson Timber Products Corporation case study. In the case study, Jack Lawler, the management trainer and consultant was approached by the industrial relations officer, Richard Bowman in order to conduct a motivation course and improve the current situation of the particular plant. The report diagnoses the case study in details with the applications of a number of theories in this context. It is important to present the current situation and make recommendations accordingly (Erasmus, Grobler Van Niekerk, 2015). By the end of the analysis, an action plan shall also be made that would eventually help the organisation to improve the current situation. Organisational development has emerged out of the human relations study that focuses on the fact that organisational development can take place if their behaviour and motivation is taken care of by the management of an organisation. The idea is to transfer knowledge and improve the capacity of the employees for carrying out the organisational functions. For this, intervention of the situation is important accompanied by proper diagnosis of the problem and then coming up with an action plan to improve the current situation. Critical analysis of the case study: From the case study, it has been evident that Lawler used an effective business strategy at the time of entering the contracting process. In the meeting, he discussed about the nature of work and the services that the company is supposed to provide. Depending on the role of the job, he Lawler assigned the tasks to three different persons depending on their skills and competencies. The idea was to view the problem from both the perceptions of the employees and the consultants because the importance of the employees was also felt. This was when strict action was made on developing the report. His decision on the payment and expenses was also rigid and he decided to visit the plants with all the other students. In the view point of Erasmus, Grobler and Van Niekerk, (2015), a person as a supervisor or a manager needs to be very careful when it comes to deal regarding the cost effectiveness and the profitability of the particular organisation. Similar approach has been noticed in case of Lawler as the cost effectiveness was the primary look out of the manager in this case. Bowman also decided to hire Lawler based on the word of mouth and he did not second guess the situation that the particular person was eligible for the particular post or not. Reading Wood et al., (2016), it has been evident that a manager should be prompt and evident enough to understand the situation and then work accordingly. Failing to which might lead to certain unavoidable situations as well. Similar situation was evident during the analysis stage. Considering the cost effectiveness, Lawler was appointed but his approach was not up to the mark and at many instances, he could not succeed with the application of the basic terms and conditions that he thought to be successful for the organisation (). The Open System Model that was designed to make a sense of the data that were made to understand the functions of the input, design components and their alignments and the output were not a successful step that was taken against the increasing problems in the organisation (Mullins Ch risty, 2013). To overcome such cases, it was important to increase the motivation factor among the employees that they would be effective enough to work efficiently. Diagnosis of the situation with application of theories: There are a number of relevant organisational development theories that are important for any kind of changes or development in the organisation. As stated by Avota, McFadzean and Peiseniece, (2015), organisational development emerges out of the human relationship where it has been understood that the organisational development can take place if the employees are fairly treated and they are motivated. This process will require continuous diagnosis of the situation and then coming up with an action plan for the betterment of the current situation. The idea is to transfer skills and knowledge to the employees that would improve the problem solving capabilities and manage any kind of changes in future. If the diagnosis and the intervention stage of the organisational development are taken into account, Grobler, van Niekerk and Erasmus, (2015) pointed out that it is important to gather the relevant information related to the situation and then to come up to a particular conclusion that w ould work on the symptoms that the particular organisation is going through. There were certain issues that were evident enough to work upon and it fall upon the immediate responsibility of the organisation to work upon. These issues include the motivation factor of the employees. From the case study, it was evident enough that there was an urgent need of morale and motivation among the employees of the plant (Mullins Christy, 2013). For this, the relevant clients were approached including the staffs and the personnel. It is important to consider the right approach for rectifying the right things in the right time. Lawler also considered the right approach and moved with the option of training and development process among the employees. In addition to this, a contractual agreement was also presented among the employees (Avota, McFadzean Peiseniece, 2015). The major goal of the contract is to make sure that the possible solution is executed and worked upon and that reflect on the effectiveness and the evaluation of the organisational development process. Developing a situation and identification of the alternative solution: As it has been evident from the case study that Lawler himself, decided to visit the plant and gather the information on what was actually happening in the organisation and asked the students to analyse the situation by themselves (Sosa, Gargiulo Rowles, 2015). In such situation, Lawler could have easily taken other steps and could have come to another approach that would not rely only on the employees but on the insight and the knowledge of him only. Trusting and emphasising on the understanding level of the managers would be a better action than that of relying on the understanding of the student (Moerdyk et al., 2015). It has to be understood that in the lengthy process of motivation and developmental program, considering Lawlers time and expertise are the two agreed things to work upon. It was also evident that Lawler did not aimed at collecting the necessary and useful information that was required to work upon to solve the issues and come down to a particular point of consider ation. Thus, it is clear that there was deficit from the end of Lawler on the overall approach of the organisational development and that the primarily he should be the one who should consider the things and not the employees themselves (Hilton, 2017). There were options like comparing the pay, work attendance and the benefits that the employees of other organisations get who are the major competitors of B.R. This would have definitely helped in analysing the industrial situation and then coming down to a particular conclusion that would help the organisation to prosper in their respective work ideas. As stated by Grealish and Henderson, (2016), organisational culture and organisational structure are two of the most crucial elements that can create a positive culture in the organisation. It is when there is specificity on the things and that the employees understand the concept of the work of the organisation, they feel acknowledged and motivated and that can lead to a better situation than the present condition. For this, the plan needs to have a particular leader and the leader needs to follow a particular leadership approach as well that would be evident among the employees (Erasmus, Grobler Van Niekerk, 2015). There should be a quality control manager as well who shall be responsible for the overall contribution of the employees on the organisation. In case, these are not done accordingly, the organisation will surely have to suffer. Thus, measuring the system and passing the information to the right people is important that would only help to overcome the issues and problems of the plant in the recent time. Presenting the situation and justification of the chosen recommendations: With the detailed analysis of the case study and the understanding of the theories of organisational behaviour, it is clear that that the most important thing that Lawler should consider is the analysis of the market and a detailed outlook of the company and the other competitors in the market (Grealish Henderson, 2016). This would definitely, help to understand the present situation and that how they should proceed with the application of the theories in the right places. It would be definitely help to drive the plant to be competitive enough and be successful enough in those places where there was lack of right approach. Another important point of consideration is that it was important to discuss the issues and problems with the other employees of the organisation. It would not be a feasible option if the manager comes to a conclusion without discussing the same with the actual employees who are involved in the matter (Grobler, van Niekerk Erasmus, 2015). Therefore, it is highly recommended that Lawler should consider the view point of each and every employee in the organisation and make necessary changes accordingly. This would also give a personal touch to the employees and that they would probably feel more wanted and cared in the organisation. This in turn will definitely improve the motivation of the employees. The strategy that had been undertaken to utilise the resources in order to achieve the goals and objectives related to motivation of the employees that was the most important and valid point in this whole argument (Erasmus, Grobler Van Niekerk, 2015). There was not any kind of orientation made along with the employees that made them feel good or wanted in the organisation. It was highly evident that the workers were frustrated and they were looking for some immediate action but they were not anticipated on the same (Dealtry, 2017). Considering the whole thing to be time consuming and that it would require more input, the process was left unaddressed that was the most unproductive thing done by the managers. If they had concentrated on the needs and the demands of the employees the same could have been addressed accordingly and that a better conclusion would have been reached. Action plan: For the action plan, it is evident that the company needs to conduct a detailed analysis of the market considering the competitors and the bargaining power of the employees should be taken into account. Secondly, it is important to understand the condition of the employees and then act accordingly. The employees need to be motivated for the purpose of carrying out the work. In addition to this, it is equally important that their health and safety should be at the prime concern of the management. Thus, it is only when the employees would feel privileged and acknowledged, they shall give their complete co-operation in the business activities and things will be sorted out (Waddell et al., 2013). Conclusion: A detailed analysis on the case study has been carried on in this report. It is clear that there are certain things that need to be addressed and worked upon. It has been understood that organisational development can only take place if the authorities of the organisation think about the benefits of the employees. For this, motivation and development are two most important criteria that need to be adapted by the organisation as a whole. Considering the situation, a number of recommendations have also been made that would eventually help the organisation to overcome the issues that it has been facing. From the mentioned points, carrying out a detailed research of the industry and then coming down to a point that would serve the employees to the best as per their requirement is important. It is expected that the organisation would follow the same in order to prosper in the current position. References: Avota, S., McFadzean, E., Peiseniece, L. (2015). LINKING PERSONAL AND ORGANISATIONAL VALUES AND BEHAVIOUR TO CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL.Journal of Business Management, (10). Dealtry, R. (2017). The Future of Corporate Universities: How Your Company Can Benefit from Value and Performance-Driven Organisational Development. Erasmus, B. J., Grobler, A., Van Niekerk, M. (2015). Employee retention in a higher education institution: An organisational development perspective.Progressio,37(2), 33-63. Grealish, L., Henderson, A. (2016). Investing in organisational culture: nursing students experience of organisational learning culture in aged care settings following a program of cultural development.Contemporary nurse,52(5), 569-575. Grobler, A., van Niekerk, M., Erasmus, B. J. (2015). Employee retention in a higher education institution: an organisational development perspective. Hilton, B. J. (2017, August). Transnational Knowledge: Its Creation and Distribution Exploiting Entrepreneurship and Organisational Behaviour. InProceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2016 Boulder, CO, USA(Vol. 1, No. 1). Moerdyk, A. P., Dodd, N., Donald, F., Kiley, J., Van Hoek, G., Van Hoek, C. E. (2015).Organisational Behaviour. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Mullins, L., Christy, G. (2013).Management Organisational Behaviour. Pearson Education. Sosa, M. E., Gargiulo, M., Rowles, C. (2015). Can informal communication networks disrupt coordination in new product development projects?.Organization Science,26(4), 1059-1078. Waddell, D., Creed, A., Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. (2013).Organisational change: Development and transformation. Cengage Learning. Wood, J. M., Zeffane, R. M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., ... Osborn, R. N. (2016).Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd..

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Essay Example

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Paper The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Thanks to the development of science and technology, the distance between countries seems to be narrowed. We can communicate or cooperate with people everywhere. Thats why people say the world is becoming smaller. This tendency brings us more good chances for making relationships and business, yet, it also causes some drawbacks like losing traditions or unsteady economic condition. In the past, it was impossible for a man living in Vietnam to keep contact with his relatives in America. But nowadays, with computers and telephones, we can not only talk with others but also see their lively images through any distance. Besides, we can also make friends with people from different places on this earth if we are interested in. By car, train or plane we can travel around and discover all the remote corners of this globe, which helps enrich our knowledge about countries and people all over the world each day and the relationship between humanbeings become closer than ever. To businessmen, this tendency brings them alots of benefits. First of all, they can spread their market, in other words, they will have more customers, which means they can get more money. Second, they can use cheaper labour source and meterials in less developed countries to reduce the manufacturing cost. Third, because of different frequencies and tastes of people, they will have a wide choice in business aspects. It can be said that businessmen is the group getting most advantages from the world becomes smaller. We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, global village also gives us some disadvantages. In the process of globalization, the cultures have interfered with one another. Although some countries can collect more good customs, some are losing their tradition. Tradition is one important part of a nation, which are conceptions, habbits and noble values maintained for thousands of years. So when they lose traditions, they lose themselves and become other peoples. Another bad point is that joining to the global village, ountries have to apply open trade policy,which causes some difficulties to developing countries. As the economy of these countries is still weak, their companies can not affort to compete with foreign ones with modern technology and much experience. This leads to the bankrupcy of many mills and the unemployment condition, which will be a burden for both the governments and the entire poupulation. Even having some disadvantages, globalization is an essental inclination.

Free Essays on A Glimpse Of“Dulce Et Decorum Est“

A Glimpse of â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† Through vivid imagery and compelling metaphors â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† gives the reader the exact feeling the author wanted. The poem is an anti-war poem by Wilfred Owen and makes great use of these devices. This poem is very effective because of its excellent manipulation of the mechanical and emotional parts of poetry. Owen's use of exact diction and vivid figurative language emphasizes his point, showing that war is terrible and devastating. Furthermore, the utilization of extremely graphic imagery adds even more to his argument. Through the effective use of all three of these tools, this poem conveys a strong meaning and persuasive argument. To have a better understanding of the poem, it is important to understand some of Wilfred Owen’s history. Owen enlisted in the Artists’ Rifles on October 21st 1915. He was eventually drafted to France in 1917. The birth of Owen’s imagery style used in his more famous poems was during his stay at Craiglockhart War Hospital, where he met Siegfried Sassoon (another great war poet). Owen’s new style (the one that was used in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†) embellished many poems between August 1917 and September 1918. On November 4, 1918, Wilfred Owed was killed by enemy machine gun fire as he tried to get his company across the Sambre Canal (Stallworthy). The poem tells of a trip that Owen and his platoon of exhausted soldiers had while they were painfully making their way back to base after a harrowing time at the battle front when a gas shell was fired at them. As a result of this, a soldier in his platoon was fatally gassed. Owen has arranged the poem in three sections, each dealing with a different stage of this experience. He makes use of a simple, regular rhyme scheme, which makes the poem sound almost like a child's poem or nursery rhyme. This technique serves to emphasize the solemn and serious content. In stanza one, Owen describes ... Free Essays on A Glimpse Ofâ€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Estâ€Å" Free Essays on A Glimpse Ofâ€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Estâ€Å" A Glimpse of â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† Through vivid imagery and compelling metaphors â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† gives the reader the exact feeling the author wanted. The poem is an anti-war poem by Wilfred Owen and makes great use of these devices. This poem is very effective because of its excellent manipulation of the mechanical and emotional parts of poetry. Owen's use of exact diction and vivid figurative language emphasizes his point, showing that war is terrible and devastating. Furthermore, the utilization of extremely graphic imagery adds even more to his argument. Through the effective use of all three of these tools, this poem conveys a strong meaning and persuasive argument. To have a better understanding of the poem, it is important to understand some of Wilfred Owen’s history. Owen enlisted in the Artists’ Rifles on October 21st 1915. He was eventually drafted to France in 1917. The birth of Owen’s imagery style used in his more famous poems was during his stay at Craiglockhart War Hospital, where he met Siegfried Sassoon (another great war poet). Owen’s new style (the one that was used in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†) embellished many poems between August 1917 and September 1918. On November 4, 1918, Wilfred Owed was killed by enemy machine gun fire as he tried to get his company across the Sambre Canal (Stallworthy). The poem tells of a trip that Owen and his platoon of exhausted soldiers had while they were painfully making their way back to base after a harrowing time at the battle front when a gas shell was fired at them. As a result of this, a soldier in his platoon was fatally gassed. Owen has arranged the poem in three sections, each dealing with a different stage of this experience. He makes use of a simple, regular rhyme scheme, which makes the poem sound almost like a child's poem or nursery rhyme. This technique serves to emphasize the solemn and serious content. In stanza one, Owen describes ...

7 Heavenly Bodies as Sources of Adjectives

7 Heavenly Bodies as Sources of Adjectives 7 Heavenly Bodies as Sources of Adjectives 7 Heavenly Bodies as Sources of Adjectives By Mark Nichol 1. Earth Through in modern usage our planet’s Latin name, Terra, appears only in science fiction, the adjective terrestrial is often employed to refer to phenomena associated with Earth or with land as opposed to water. It is also the root of extraterrestrial, the term for any (so far conjectural) life-form that does not originate on Earth, or for anything existing or occurring beyond the planet. Terrestrial also refers to the inner planets of the solar system as a category. (See the next entry for the classification for the outer planets.) It can also mean â€Å"mundane,† as does terrene, which has the additional sense of â€Å"earthly.† (Terrene is also a noun referring to the planet or its terrain and that word, like terrarium, also stems from the Latin term terrenum.) 2. Jupiter Jovial means â€Å"jolly, convivial† not traits associated with a god normally generally depicted with a stern visage. However, this is the word medieval astrologers used to describe those characteristics, which they ascribed to the influence on the planet on human behavior. The adjectival form for referring to the god or to the category of gas giants typified by the planet Jupiter is Jovian; this is also the term for referring to the planet’s natural satellites in fact and fiction and to fictional inhabitants. 3. Mars Because of its belligerent-looking red glow, Mars was associated in ancient times with conflict, and the Romans named it after their god of war. The adjective martial (â€Å"martial law,† â€Å"martial arts,† court-martial the hyphen in the last word is a holdover from the term’s French origin) refers to war and fighting. 4. Mercury Someone with an unpredictable or volatile personality is said to be mercurial, thanks to an association with Mercury, the swift messenger of the Latin gods. (The liquid element mercury, also known as quicksilver, was perhaps given that name because of its rapidly free-flowing quality.) But the adjective is also associated with eloquence and ingenuity, as well as larcenous behavior. Why? The god Mercury was considered the protector of thieves as well as merchants and travelers, who would appeal to the deity to favor them with speed. The planet Mercury was so named because of its fast orbital velocity. 5. Moon Like Terra, Luna, the Roman name for the Moon, seems to appear only in science fiction these days. But lunatic, meaning â€Å"foolish† or â€Å"insane,† is common, albeit mostly in the nonclinical sense. (Lunacy, another word for insanity, and the adjectival form derive from the onetime notion that phases of the Moon affect mental instability.) Lunar, however, is the adjectival form for scientific references to Earth’s natural satellite. 6. Saturn The Roman god said to have been the father of Jupiter was associated with traits opposite to those of the scion who usurped his rule; a saturnine person is gloomy, sardonic, and surly, as opposed to the jovial type, though the adjective also has the neutral sense of â€Å"sluggish† and â€Å"serious.† This temperament was said in the Middle Ages to be the influence of the planet farthest from the Sun (or the one believed at the time to be the most remote) and the slowest. But the god was also identified with justice and strength, as well as with agriculture, and later was celebrated in the weeklong winter-solstice feast known as the Saturnalia, when the rules of moral conduct and social status were suspended. That name, with the initial letter lowercased, now refers to any unrestrained merrymaking. 7. Venus A supposed inhabitant of Venus is a Venusian, of course, but another term influenced by the name of the Roman goddess of love and beauty may surprise you. Because of Venus’s association with sex as well as affection and attractiveness, her name was the inspiration for venereal, which means â€Å"relating to sexual pleasure or indulgence† but is almost exclusively employed to refer to sexually transmitted infections or diseases. However, another variation has a more positive association: To venerate is to admire, honor, or respect (the noun form is veneration), and venerable refers to someone or something considered deserving of one of those types of regard. It is also synonymous with sacred and can apply to a person, place, or thing that through age and/or accomplishments earns esteem. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireThe Many Forms of the Verb TO BEOne "L" or Two?

Chemical andsedimentary processes in acidic salinelakes andtheir Research Paper

Chemical andsedimentary processes in acidic salinelakes andtheir significancefor Martiangeology - Research Paper Example Rover missions sent to Mars and consequent investigations of the evidence found from the planet, have revealed extensive geochemical evidence regarding the presence of standing bodies of water early in the history of Mars. Geochemical archives in lake sediments provide information that aligns with the geological features of Mars. Various acidic saline lakes in Australia, the United States and other countries are analogous with the rocks and soil qualities of planet Mars. The conditions of regional acid saline lakes will be discussed, and terrestrial hematite concretions will be compared with those found on earth. Amino acids are the key to terrestrial biochemistry, widely prevalent in terrestrial life, and easlily identified by means of advanced instruments and technology. For this reason, amino acids are ideal as a biomolecular class, to use for planetary exploration. How chemical biosignatures in amino acids can help to indicate life in Mars will be examined. Introduction â€Å"Un derstanding lake chemistry is critical for correctly interpreting the geochemical archives of lake deposits† (Cohen 69). The presence of elements and isotopes in lakes are closely associated with external climatic and watershed processes. The concentrations of solutes determine the distribution of organisms, and the precipitation or dissolution of mineral phases. Sedimentary archives develop from both fossils and minerals, and interpreting aspects of ancient water chemistry from these records may enable the reconstruction of paleoclimate or activity prior to the presence of human life around the lake. Similarly, the interpretation of isotopic records require a preliminary understanding of their behavior in lakes, and its relationship with external factors such as rainfall or nutrient discharge. Paleolimnology is the study of past conditions or processes of ancient lakes, and of the sediments and history of existing lakes It is recognized that lakes probably existed on Mars and on other planets of the solar system. This invites the next generation of paleolimnologists with tremendous opportunities â€Å"to apply terrestrially gained knowledge of how ‘small’ water bodies record their histories through their sedimentary records† (Cohen 398). Planetary geologists would require the paleolimnological literature to help them interpret these records. However, geologists should be proactive in suggesting the ways in which such deposits should be explored. They are also required to devise analog studies of lake histories from extreme terrestrial environments that replicate those of other planets like Mars. Research that specifically target lakes increase the signals of interest, providing the most highly resolved temporal records possible. Rapid advances in the accuracy of dating lake sediments is expected to play a critical role in advancing paleolimnology, permitting an increasing refinement in the interpretation of time series data and to us e those data to test quantitative model predictions. Cohen (p.398) asserts that the swiftly developing field of paleolimnology works towards making exciting discoveries. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate chemical and sedimentary processes in acidic saline lakes and their significance for Martian geology. Evidence of the Presence of Water in the Early History of Mars â€Å"

Stigma and Discrimination in schizophrenia Essay

Stigma and Discrimination in schizophrenia - Essay Example Discrimination may be defined as the action or treatment based on stigma and directed towards the Stigmatized (Bunding, 1996). Stigma and discrimination are highly associated with the Schizophrenia as it is a psychiatric condition that describes a mental disorder characterized by deviation in the expression of truth and / or by significant social or occupational dysfunction. Stigma and discrimination resulted by schizophrenia is mainly due to unawareness among the people about the disease. Some investigators found that the stigma operated by schizophrenia may result in deviated behaviour and violence which is very dangerous (Link et al., 1992; farrington, 1994; Link &Stueve, 1995; Appelbaum et al., 2000). Schizophrenia is reported to afflict 1% of the worlds population (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991), where as schizotypal personality disorder afflicts 2–3%. The stigma and discrimination caused by schizophrenia was confirmed by several research workers (Poulton et al, 2000; Cannon et al, 2002). Earlier studies and reviews of worldwide-published research mainly compared the incidences of the stigma and discrimination due to illness in urban and rural geographical regions (Haroutunian et al., 2006, Paz et al, 2006 and Skosnik et al., 2006). However the past studies didn’t focus much on multifaceted stigmatization of schiz ophrenia and hence the present investigation has been performed to analyse the stigma and discrimination associated with schizophrenia in more integrated manner. This was planned to answer the following questions. The sample size of the population (N) is 300. The family members of the schizophrenics residing in Mumbai, India were interviewed on nature and causes of stigma, most common forms of stigma, common source, removal probability, consequences, common management strategies, method of information about

Cosmetic Surgery Essay Example for Free

Cosmetic Surgery Essay â€Å"I wish I had a twin, so I could know what Id look like without cosmetic surgery† a quote by Joan Rivers. She is an American famous person who has done so many cosmetic surgeries. Rivers most likely said this quote because she regretted about all of the cosmetic surgeries that she had. Cosmetic Surgery is a phenomenon that has increased over the past few years and became popular in everywhere on the world. Moreover, many people have been thinking of doing it because it sounds interesting that people can change how they look likes or to improve a normal part of their body appearance. One of the biggest reasons of why cosmetic surgery is so popular is that people are striving to become physically perfect. However, those people are not aware of the risks that can result from these kinds of surgeries. Cosmetic surgeries affect the emotions of people who go under the knife and make them addicted to it. Also, it is dangerous and isn’t worth the risk. Patients will possibly suffer from depression, and encounter emotional difficulties that are hard to overcome after cosmetic surgery. This psychological pressure lasts for a long time and sometimes forever. For example, Olesen mentions that one of the disadvantages of cosmetic surgery is including depression (3). Also, Iverson says that there are studies that say cosmetic surgery cause undesirable feeling for patient (1). As for my own experience, a year and half ago my sister have done a cosmetic surgery in her nose. She didn’t like how she looks like, so she felt so bad about herself and didn’t want to see anyone of her friends. So, my father had to take her to psychiatrist to make her feel better. Thus, these examples indicate that cosmetic surgeries cause the patient so much depression and that is really a big problem that might affect the patient life. Because the patient unused to the new look or difference, the patient might stay secluded and stop socializing with friends and people for long time. Also, the bandaging wouldnt take off before three months. Furthermore, the patient cannot judge the result before six months until it takes its natural form. So, between the periods after the surgery until the result takes its natural form the patient would stay long time without knowing how the result looks like. And that is going to let the patient in a state of depression because prevent the patient to communicate with people . In some cases the result fails to improve and the appearance looks worse than before the surgery. Under this circumstance, the patient goes to another level of emotional effects of depression to the feeling of isolation forever. Thus, it would be hard for the patient to adjust whether he/she likes the result or not because the patient has to undergo days or months of healing process. Sometimes, that wound take forever to heal. In sum, cosmetic surgeries certainly let the patients feel depressed and affect their emotions. Although cosmetic surgery causes a lot of emotional depression, this is not the only reason. One very serious addiction that is often overlooked is cosmetic surgery addiction. Unlike drug addicts who suffer from chemical addiction, cosmetic surgery addicts experience mental obsession to alter their bodies and faces. For instance, Sciarretto says Michael Jackson’s mother admitted that he was addicted to cosmetic surgery (1). Another example, Dr.  Samuels states, â€Å"After one surgery, addicts will find a reason to have a second, then a third and so on in their quest for perfection. The results they are after are unattainable†(4). In addition, Frankr states, â€Å"plastic surgery shouldnt be undergone because it can lead to addiction†(3). Hence, these three examples show cosmetic surgery is a serious problem that can really make patient to become addicted to it. Many of patients begin their journey simply wanting to correct a few specific anatomical issues, but progress to addiction after completing their initial surgical desires. When the patient does one cosmetic surgery and like the result of it, he or she would find a reason to do it again to look better. Similarly, if the patient doesn’t like the surgery result also would do it again until to get satisfied with the results of the surgery. Thus, in both cases whether the patient like the result or not would get addicted. In addition, once the first surgical operation was already done, second, third, fourth, and even more is easy to follow. The patients are always looking for perfection and would never satisfy with their looks because this is the nature of human. As has been noted, Michael Jackson is an evidence to prove this theory. Michael got addicted and he transforms his appearance hundred and eighty degrees. So, cosmetic surgery is grave problem that patient should be aware of before doing it because it have the ability to let the patient obsessed about it. As the case with any kind of surgery, cosmetic surgery does involve risk that in some cases death. In addition, isn’t worth the risk because it could take person’s life forever for unnecessarily reason. For example, Frankr says, â€Å"Just like any surgery, plastic surgery can be dangerous. They involve anesthesia, wound healing and other risks†(2). Another example, John writes an article about a woman named Kathleen Kelly Cregan who died while she was having a cosmetic surgery. So, these two examples show that cosmetic surgeries are not easy and carry risks that might lead to death. A risk that should be taken into consideration is that when cosmetic surgery is undergone and uses anesthesia. Anesthesia is put on a patient to sleep, and to numb the body so the patient won’t feel pain during the surgery. Even though anesthesia prevents pain during the surgery, it has its risks. There is no guarantee that the patient will wake up from the anesthesia, patient can fall into a coma, if not given the right amount of it and if not put in the right place. Furthermore, there is no surgeon who can guarantee that the surgery would succeed. There are always risks of things going amiss. I guarantee that if Cregan knew she would die because of a cosmetic surgery she wouldn’t do it because she could live without it. Doing cosmetic surgery isn’t worth the risk because it’s unimportant surgery that many people could live a happy life without it. Also, it carries risks that could take patient life forever. Cosmetic surgery being so popular and the idea of it sound good. However, many people are not aware of the side affects that can bring into their life. Additionally, it could turn patients life into depressed. Patients always want to perfect in their appearance, which is impossible to reach because this is the nature of human. Cosmetic surgeries have so many disadvantages and I just mentioned few of them.

Death in The Dream of the Rood Essay -- Old English Literature Christ

Death in The Dream of the Rood The crucifixion of Christ is treated differently within the bodies of Old English and Middle English literature. The values of each era's society are superimposed on the descriptions of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross. Christ is depicted either as the model of the hero, prevalent in Old English literature, or as the embodiment of love and passion, as found in Showings by Julian of Norwich. Old English literature establishes the elements of the heroic code, to which its society ascribed. A man must live, or die, by his honor. In The Dream of the Rood the crucifixion of Christ is depicted as the ultimate symbol of heroism, as all mankind bewailed Christ's death and prepared a gilt cross for him. "This was surely no felon's gallows, but holy spirits beheld it there, men upon earth, and all this glorious creation. Wonderful was the triumph-tree, and I stained with sins, wounded with wrongdoings. I saw the tree of glory shine splendidly, adorned with garments, decked with gold, jewels had worthily covered Christ's tree." (Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Ed., p. 19) Christ is not rendered as a figure of pathos. Christ is identified with the other glorious warriors of Anglo-Saxon times, such as Beowulf, in this rendering of the cross. It was tradition during the Anglo-Saxon period to bury the honored death with all of the adornments of wealth that they had gain ed in the earthly life. The Dream of the Rood treats the death of Christ as the culmination of His glory. As the Rood itself speaks, "Disclose with your words that it is the tree of glory on which Almighty God suffered for mankind's many sins and the deeds of Adam did of old. He tasted death there; yet the Lor... ...sh Literature, Sixth Ed., p. 297) This change in the integral ideal of the subject matter is perhaps indicative of the ensuing social changes that occurred during the Middle English period. Julian describes Christ's gift as the fulfillment of his love for all creation. It is not for honor that Christ gave his life. Of course, during the Old English period, the lord's retainers certainly experienced "love" in some fashion for the man they willingly gave their lives. Certainly that "love" was not to be construed as a display of femininity, for these men were warriors. Changing social values helped to transform the Old English heroic code to the Middle English chivalric ideal. The literature of each of the periods offers the examples upon which to base this conclusion. Old English honoric ideals are complemented by Middle English concepts of love and beauty.

The Working Girls

Women are entering the labor market in greater numbers and are staying in it longer and for a larger proportion of their work lives (Looking 1996). When asked what they want, women respond in survey after survey† â€Å"pay equity,† â€Å"better wages,† or â€Å"more money† (Looking 1996). In other words, women believe they are not being paid what they are worth (Looking 1996). This is a common response up-and down the income spectrum, â€Å"women from the executive suite to the factory floor, from the office to the washroom,† all feel that they are underpaid (Looking 1996). During the 1970's, women earned 59 percent of what men earned, and today they generally earn approximately 72 percent of what men earn (Looking 1996). However, although women's earnings have risen, about 3/5 of the narrowing of the gap is due to the fall in men's real earnings (Looking 1996). Moreover, the wage gap grows as women and men age, the gap is relatively small for young women and men, but thereafter men's wages increase sharply while women's do not (Looking 1996). In fact, the average woman in her working prime, in her early forties, makes only about the same as a man in his late twenties (Looking 1996). About fifteen years ago, it all seemed possible, to â€Å"bring home the bacon, fry it up in a pan, split the second shift with some sensitive New Age man,† however slowly the upbeat work-life rhythm has changed for professional women (Wallis 2004). Although many countries have given women the right to maternity leave and, sometimes, generous subsidies for child care, and some have even initiated a 35-hour workweek, however, the norm for most executives is still 50 hours a week for women (Wallis 2004). According to Catalyst, a U. S. esearch and consulting group, the average number for executives in the U. S. is roughly 70 hours a week (Wallis 2004). And for dual-career couples with children, the combined work hours have grown from 81 hours a week in 1977 to 91 hours per week in 2002, according to the Families and Work Institute (Wallis 2004). The U. S. Census data reveal an increase in stay-at-home moms who hold graduate or professional degrees, these are the very women who seemed destined to blast through the glass ceiling, yet 22 percent of them are home with their children (Wallis 2004). A study by Catalyst found that one in three women with M. B. A. s are not working full-time, compared to one in twenty of their male peers (Wallis 2004). Sylvia Ann Hewlett, economist and author at Columbia University in New York City, who sees a brain drain throughout the top 10 percent of America's labor force, says â€Å"What we have discovered in looking at this group over the last five years is that many women who have any kind of choice are opting out† (Wallis 2004). According to a new study released in March 2006 by Accenture, a global management consulting company, women executives around the world still face an uphill battle in workplace equality, despite significant gains during the past ten years (Most 2006). The study, entitled â€Å"The Anatomy of the Glass Ceiling: Barriers to Women's Professional Advancement,† is based on a survey of 1,200 male and female executives in eight countries (Most 2006). The respondents were asked to score factors they believed influenced their career success across three dimension: individual (career planning, competence, assertiveness, etc. , company (supportive supervisors, transparent promotion processes, etc. ), and society (equal rights, government support of parental leave, etc. ) (Most 2006). The differences between male and female respondents' answers were sued to calculate the current â€Å"thickness† of the glass ceiling, a term used to describe an unacknowledged barrier that prevents women and other minorities from achieving positions of power or responsibility in their professions (Most 2006). According to the study, 30 percent of women executives and 43 percent of male executives believe that women have the same opportunities as men do in the workplace, thus supporting the existence of a glass ceiling (Most 2006). Although there has been some progress in shattering the glass ceiling over the past twenty years, organizations and societies need to understand how important it is to capitalize and build upon the skills of women (Most 2006). In the Bem Sex Role Inventory, researcher Pamela Butler focused questions on real problems women face in changing stereotypical perceptions (Merrick 2000). According to Butler, there is intense pressure for professional women to conform to stereotypical roles such as â€Å"cheerfulness,† â€Å"tenderness,† and even â€Å"gullibility† (Merrick 2000). As women move into management in increasing numbers, it has become more apparent that these stereotypical beliefs ten to limit their advancement (Merrick 2000). The ‘Catch 22' is that when women try strategies of gender-reversal and adopt the so-called male characteristics, they often find that they face another set of problems, that of alienation and hostility, because as Butler points out, becoming one of the boys is harder than it looks (Merrick 2000). According to Butler, it takes cooperation from peers on the job to make strategies work, because research shows that attitudes held by those around a woman, even herself, hinder working relationships between women and men, and these attitudes ultimately are realized in losses of productivity and of real dollars to organizations (Merrick 2000). The purpose of Butler's research was to explore the ethics of perpetuating gender stereotypes in management, and to investigate how the woman manager operates under the system with feminine traits that are perpetuated by socialization and, vice versa, as well as how she operates under the system when she adopts masculine traits that break gender roles (Merrick 2000). The choices of leadership styles pose ethical dilemmas for women, because to get along, the new-age woman manager often finds that she has to act one way on the outside while being driven by a very much different psyche on the inside (Merrick 2000). Moreover, she may discover that in the same way, her male colleagues act toward her one way on the outside yet feel very much differently about her on the job (Merrick 2000). The new-age woman manager also might find herself playing a cruel double game in which she is utilized to show the organization has non-discriminatory hiring practices, â€Å"and at the same time she find she has to handle covert hostility from her colleagues in the workplace, who feel they have been forced to work with her to avoid trouble with the powers that be† (Merrick 2000). Data collected by L. K. Brown reveals that 5 percent of the total worldwide managers in 1947 were women, while only 6 percent of all managers in 1978 were women (Merrick 2000). In the United States, the figures were 14 percent in 1947, compared to 22 percent thirty years later (Merrick 2000). However, most of the managerial positions held by women are in the fields of health administration, building supervision and restaurant management, meaning there are more women managers in fields that have traditionally been perceived women's work (Merrick 2000). A survey carried out by Fortune, found that only ten of 6,400 people who worked at managerial positions in 1,300 of the nation's largest companies were women (Merrick 2000). Moreover, according to Brown, only 3 percent of women managers in the United States earn more than $25,000 annually (Merrick 2000). Brown concludes that larger companies are not promoting women on a large scale, and that women seeking top management posts may prefer smaller companies instead of large male-dominated companies (Merrick 2000). According to a Canadian survey, 55 percent believe that it is easier for men to advance in the workplace than women, and 42 percent of female executives who were surveyed believe that gender-based discrimination will never completely disappear from the workplace (Pollara 2000).

Heredity Determines Personality

Heredity determines  personality Argument supporting  Heredity  determines  personality Introduciton: Personality is defined as the sum total of beliefs, behaviors, attitudes andvalues that distinguishes an individual. Each of us has unique personalitieswhich distinguish us from the others. Even twins who look alike and arereared in the same environment differ in personalities. A number of factorsdetermine a person’s personality. These include environment and genetics. Our personality is the product of the interaction of these two factors.It is notexclusively molded by the environment or genetics but a combination of  both. Body: Heredity is the main factor which determines a person’s personality. TheDNA makeup of a child have all those characters and personality traits thathis parents had. Its no doubt that person’s learn through learning andenviornment which affects their perosnality but the point is, a person willlearn what he has percieved in his mi nd and that comes from heredity. Hereditary, or the genetic transmission of characteristics from parents tooffspring, determines personality to a certain extent.Hereditarycharacteristics manifest at birth such as hair and eye color, skin color andbody type. Hereditary also includes aptitude or the capacity to learn a skill orinclination for a particular body of knowledge. It establishes the limits of  one’s personality traits that can be developed. This aptitude creates the desire for a person to learn something. Forinstance, the son of a sports hero like a boxer superstar is expected toinherit the genes of his father.His capacity for growth in the boxing arena isimmense because he is born with the ability. Or, take the case of a daughterof a writer. Obviously, with her genetic predisposition to write she will bemore inclined to study or learn writing compared to other endeavors such assports. Behavioral geneticists, Behavioral geneticists believe that the genesdo not act a s the exact blueprints that determine every detail of ourpersonality and behavior; rather, they think that heredity or these enesreveal through a person’s actual interactions with the environment. Thegenetic make-up of a person brings out particular reactions to things andpeople which in turn determine the person’s personality. To further explain this, it is important to know how DNA works. The DNA of aperson is responsible for a certain kind of nervous system such as one that isalarmed at new situations, one that wants new sensations and one that isslow to react.In different situations, children react according to the one that would be most suitable for their genotype or genetic endowment. The abilityto choose reactions though increases as a person grows older. Conclusion: The personality of an individual is mix of both inherited factors and learningand enviornmental facotrs but heredity plays a bigger role in determiningthose traits which affect our personality and o ur perception and how wepercieve things and learn them. http://www. scribd. com/doc/23710964/Heredity-Determines-Personality

How to Write a Perfect Article Review on Social Science and Crime Prevention

How to Write a Perfect Article Review on Social Science and Crime Prevention The first step to successfully writing on any subject is a thorough understanding of what your assignment is all about and the expectations you are required to meet. An article review is a critical constructive analysis of the literature of a specific field written for the viewing pleasure of professionals knowledgeable about that specific field or students interested in knowing what the literature is about. The work that goes into writing an article review is much due to the fact that the reviewer must engage with the original writer’s text, understand what he or she is trying to achieve before one can proceed to critique the article or literature. Therefore, if you are tasked with writing review on social science and crime prevention, here are some tips on how to get started and structure your entire review draft. Preview the Article Since your review is going to be based on another author’s work, the first step to kick-starting it, is going through the original work with a view to understanding what the author is talking about and to map out the points made. This is the learning phase, so you are expected to take note of points you do not understand and read up on them before coming to any conclusion on how to go about writing reviews. Explain the Article in Your Own Words To test your understanding of what you have just read, it is important to put the article or literature in your own words. This isn’t the start of writing your article review, but it allows you to break down difficult concepts using your own words and puts you in a position to explain the author’s writing to a 5 year old. Therefore, you can scribble, scratch and draw anything that keeps your understanding of the work to be reviewed fresh in your mind. Write an Outline of Your Evaluation The next step is organizing your thoughts on the points raised in the article in a structure that will help you come up with a good introduction, analysis and conclusion about the reviewed work. Once this has been done, then you are definitely ready to start on the more difficult part of your assignment which is writing the actual article review. Draft Your Article Review Now that you are sure of what direction to take, the next step is coming up with a good title that encompasses the entire scope of work. You can then proceed to develop on your title using this time tested format: An apt introduction, an analytical or explanatory body and a good conclusion that covers what you think about the work been reviewed. Conclude Your Review Now that your points have been made, and you have made use of points culled from the original article to analyze the arguments or compromises made, the final step is to be original. In your conclusion, you are tasked with summarizing your beliefs in relation to the article you have just reviewed. And there you have it, the 5 tips on how to write an article review guaranteed to give you top marks during your educational and professional career. So do not hesitate to continuously apply these tips as you progress with writing article reviews. You can also find 20 social science essay topics on crime prevention here as well as 10 facts for an article review on social science and crime prevention to help you get started with drafting your essay.

How To Make Tree Cookies

How To Make Tree Cookies Ever heard of a tree cookie? Sadly, unless you are a termite, you cant eat them. But you can use them to unlock the past of a tree. From its age to the weather conditions and hazards it faced in its lifetime, tree cookies can be used to better understand trees and their role in the environment. So what is a tree cookie? Tree cookies are cross-sections of trees that are usually around 1/4 to 1/2 inch in thickness. Teachers and ecologists use them to teach students about the layers that make up a tree and to illustrate to students how trees grow and age. Heres how to make your own tree cookies and use them at home or with your students to learn more about trees. Making Tree Cookies Just as with edible cookies, tree cookies are made using a series of steps in a recipe. Start by selecting a tree with a trunk or thick branches that you can cut to reveal the tree rings. Take note of the type of tree it is and where it came from.Cut a log that is about three to six inches in diameter and three to four feet long. (You will cut this down later but it will give you a good section to work with.)Slice the log into Cookies that are 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide.Dry the cookies. Yes you will bake these cookies! Drying the cookies will help prevent mold and fungus from decomposing the wood and will preserve your cookie for many years to come. Set them in the driveway in the sun, or on a drying rack in the yard for several days. Air flow is more important than sunlight, but if you can get both, that would be perfect.Sand the cookies lightly.If these cookies will be used in the classroom, cover with a coating of varnish to help them withstand years of handling. What Can You Learn From A Tree Cookie? Now that you have your tree cookies, what can you do with them? Here are several ways you can use tree cookies at home or in your classroom to teach students about trees. Take a closer look. Start by having your students examine their tree cookies with a hand lens. They can also draw a simple diagram of their cookie, labeling the bark, cambium, phloem, and xylem, tree rings, center, and pith. This image from Britannica Kids provides a good example. Count the rings. First,  ask your students to take note of the differences between the rings - some are light colored while others are darker. Light rings indicate fast, spring growth, while dark rings show where the tree grew more slowly in the summertime. Each pair of light and dark rings - called an annual ring - equals one year of growth. Have your students count the pairs to determine the age of the tree.   Read your cookie. Now that your students know what they are looking at and what to look for, help them understand what else a tree cookie can reveal to foresters. Does the cookie show wider growth on one side than the other? This could indicate competition from nearby trees, a disturbance on one side of the tree, a windstorm that caused the tree to lean to one side, or simply the presence of sloped ground. Other anomalies that students can look for include scars (from insects, fires, or a machine such as a lawn mower,) or narrow and wide rings that may indicate years of drought or insect damage followed by years of recovery. Do some math.  Ask you students to measure the distance from the center of the tree cookie to the outermost edge of the last summer growth ring. Now ask them to measure the distance from the center to the outermost edge of the tenth summer growth ring. Using this information, ask them to calculate the percent of the trees growth that took place in its first ten years. (Hint: Divide the second measurement by the first measurement and multiply by 100.) Play a game. Utah State Universitys Forestry Department has a cool interactive online game that students can play to test their tree cookie reading skills. (And teachers, dont worry, the answers are there too if you need a little help!)

Identify major Islamic eras and key figures in Islamic history who Essay

Identify major Islamic eras and key figures in Islamic history who have had the greatest impact on the Muslim faith and on world - Essay Example The mortal occupation by the Prophet was followed by Abu Bakr who was the first of the four caliphs accepted by Sunni Muslims as the vastly guided caliphs (al-khulafa al-rashidun). Abu Bakr was regarded as a man of great sanctity and piety who ruled religiously during his political reign in two years despite intermittent blunders and biased verdicts. Abu Bakr’s reign was marred with strong forces of Arab tribalism group that threatened to break up the political unity created by the Prophet. However, Abu Bakr was incredibly successful in suppressing the tribal waves and preserved the unity of the newly founded political entity in Medina. The second caliph, Umar who was considered by the Sunnis as the most successful caliph reigned between 13/634 and 23/644 with a great record of preserving the unity of Islamic state and spreading it to other states. Umar , who remarkably lived a life of simplicity and austerity, successfully captured Jerusalem whilst showing immense respect to the houses of worship of the Jews and Christians. He further made history in spreading Islam in various countries such as Persia Syria, and North America. Umar was later succeeded by Uthman who was chosen through consensus of the community elders from 23/644 to 35/656 ensured wealth influx in Medina and the rest of Arab territory. Uthman’s administration was flawed nepotism claims which ws evident when he appointed his relative Muawiyah governor of Syria. In his reign, Uthman caused uprising against himself, which eventually led to his death. Muawiyah later moved against Uthman’s successor thus precipitating the division of the body politic that continued to date. Ali did not rule for a long period because of civil strife and wars on various borders that were led by his Shiah followers against Quraysh and his companions Talha and Zubayr. Ali afterward moved capital of Islam to Kufa in Iraq where he had many followers and confronted Syrians who did not like him. Althoug h Ali was successful in this Siffin battle, the Syrians came with Qurans in their hands pleading for arbitration, which was easily accepted by Ali. The movement of Islamic capital to Kufa led to permanent departure of political and cultural centre from Arabia though the religious centre continued to remain in Hejaz. Umayyads, after Ali’s death, ruled from central Asia to Spain and France for a long time but were confronted by efforts to restore power of aristocracy of Mecca and Bedouin rebellion against central authority and Shiite dissent. Abd al-Malik later restored peace and was preferred by both sides. Non-Arabs who believed that Umayyad were Arabs brought a fierce resistance. The Persian general led by Banu Abbas captured Damascus with the help of Persian supporters. However, the Muslim Spanish was established by one of the Umayyad thus maintaining the golden age of Muslim rule in Spain. Abbasids rule later marked the classical Islamic civilization by preserving the Isla mic empire, unity, Islamizing many institutions, and maintained caliphs. During Abbasids reign, Baghdad became the greatest Islamic cultural centre. Renowned Abbasid caliphs’ Harun al-Rashid and al-Ma’mun were the greatest patrons of arts and sciences. At this period, Islamic beliefs and knowledge started to grow such as codification of Shari’

Star project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Star project - Research Paper Example Its projected Galactic orbit conveys it between 25,100 and 30,600 light years from the middle of the Galaxy. Historically, the entire heavenly bodies were regarded as stars by astrologers. Therefore, the terminology ‘stars’ comprised of stars, planets, comets, meteors among others. However, as time went by, astrologers were able to differentiate stars from the rest of heavenly bodies. Of particular interest are the Stars of the Northern Hemisphere. These stars show three major panels of all the constellations that can be observed from Europe, Canada, the United States and Asia. Humanity tends to identify with the stars with each individual having an interest with a peculiar star. The process of choosing a star has been lengthy and time consuming due to the interest in the topic. Each star seems to portray some unique history which is amazing and interesting, most stars have some distinct features and fantastic history; each of them is of equal importance. Amongst the stars whish have been of key interest to persons are proper, Bayer, Flamsteed and Catalog. However, I have per sonally developed a liking for star Mintaka which I closely attribute it to my individuality. Therefore, this research paper will focus on this particular star , giving a detailed description of its characteristics. Mintaka is a star in the constellation Orion, with a bayer designation of Delta Orionis and flamsteed designation of 34 Orionis. Three stars are found in the orion to form the ‘the belt of orion’. The three stars in the belt of orion are the following, mintaka which means ‘belt’, Alnilam meaning ‘a belt of pearls’ and Alnitak which means girdle. The three are believed to have formed from the system nebulas in the Orion constellation. The stars form a row, mintaka is to the west, alnilam is at the centre and alnitak is to the east. Among the three, alnilam is the brightest followed by mintaka and finally alnitak (Ashland Astronomy

Literature and Cinema Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature and Cinema - Movie Review Example Bremer is not expressive about the writer's style, setting and structure in a novel; and the extent of its application to its film adaptation. In this regard, Bremer quotes Bluestone's Novels Into Films, (According to Bluestone, literature and film are autonomous forms of artistic expression, one communicating with written words, the other with visual images. Along these lines, Bluestone suggests that when the filmist undertakes the adaptation of a novel, he does not convert the novel at all. What he adapts is a kind of paraphrase of the novel, p18). Bremer is satisfied implying that Stam's reason about fidelity is more of the nature of that element in the novel which may not be successful in its film adaptation. A film may be adapted in its totality - chapter to chapter, paragraph to paragraph, summarized, edited and cut down or stretched to the required length of time directly from a novel and transported to the cinemas. This transposition from one medium to another hardly justifies either medium. Quoting Robert B. Ray and Dudley Andrew, J. D. Connors in his article, The Persistence of Fidelity, says, "The problem with fidelity is that it makes for boring criticism."2 In this case, fidelity is a non-issue. The main issue or issues may have more to do with success and less to do with fidelity to the original text. According to Rose Mary Bremer, "In an attempt to increase the probability that a film will be successful, i.e. recover and exceed the initial investment, the industry has turned more and more to the backing of adaptations based on popular contemporary novels and literary classics."3 In his article, From Word to Word-Image: Film Translation of a "Sketchy" Chinese Short Story: Spring Silkworm, Literature Film Quarterly, 2005 Wang, Yiman, mentions, "The moralistic discourse to which Stam refers prioritizes the question of fidelity involved in translating one medium (the verbal fiction) into another (the visual film). One way to counterbalance this moralistic approach is to stipulate qualitative differences between literature and film as two distinct media." Also, in the same vein, Wang goes on to quote Fredric Jameson using the "Bordwell-Hansen hypothesis." This hypothesis suggests, "whenever other media appear within film, their deeper function is to set off and demonstrate the latter's ontological primacy" (Jameson 84)." And, "The "ontological primacy" of cinema is closely related to its visuality, or the commonly recognized cinema-specific properties." 4 In essence, in order to be successful, a film requires cinema-specific visual translations of the core substance of the source novel. The cinema-specific properties depend on selection of the main characters, side actors, stuntmen, and cameraman, location, screen play, costume, music, the element of emotion and suspense, and so on. Literal Fidelity Two film adaptations of The Maltese Falcon in 1931 and 1936 did not measure up to the success of the novel. In the words of Huston, "the previous screenwriters had kept trying to 'lick the book,' instead of filming the book."5 The third version directed by John Huston turned out to be a runaway success. Interestingly, fidelity to the original script coupled with brilliant photograpy and background music,

Merger of JP Morgan Chase Co

Merger of JP Morgan Chase Co Executive Summary This paper on the Banking industry consist the merger of JP Morgan Chase Co. It argues that the experience of Banking industry in the US is unique and also the impact of the merger in JP Morgan Chase Co. It is not paradigmatic also tells that all banks are not driven efficiently. The paper talks about the merger of JP Morgan Chase Co. using The Porters The Fishbone Model. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Table of Contents 2 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Overview of Banking Industry in US 3 1.2 Overview of JP Morgan and Chase 3 2. STUDY OF MERGER BETWEEN JP MORGAN CHASE (2000) 4 2.1 Purpose of the study 5 2.2 Significance of this study 5 2.3 Limitations 5 3.RESEARCH MODEL 6 3.1. The Fish Bone Model 6 3.2 Elements of the Model 7 3.3. Previous Research Findings 8 3.4. Critics for the Previous Research 8 4.PREVIOUS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 9 5.CONCLUSION 10 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of Banking Industry in US This paper on the Banking industry consist the mergers of banks with a special emphasis on the US banks. It argues that the experience of Banking industry in the US is unique and it is not paradigmatic also tells that all banks are not driven efficiently. Mergers in banks arise because of macro structural circumstances and shifts to strategic motives in a period of time (Benston, Hunter, Wall, 1995). Over the few years, bank mergers and acquisitions have been occurring at a very high rate. During the recent decades the US banking system is experiencing an intense structural change which is happening at a very rapid place. When banks document deposits made by customers create credit evaluations and move funds they process information. The banks and the financial services industries entrants have been very much affected by the current information processing revolution. The banks are moderately transforming themselves from intermediaries that have loans, deposits and securities in their balance sheets into brokers who originate loans and then allocate them to others who obtain securitized assets. This change has occurred due to rapid increase of the technical advancements in processing information. 1.2 Overview of JP Morgan and Chase JPMorgan Chase Co. is one of the worlds largest, oldest, and best-known financial institutions. Since their founding in New York in the year 1799, they have succeeded and grown by listening to their customers and also by meeting their needs. Being a global financial services firm and with operations in more than 50 countries, JPMorgan Chase Co. combines two of the worlds best and premier financial brands: J.P Morgan and Chase. JPMorgan Chase Co. is a leader in financial services for consumers; investment banking; financial transaction processing; small business and commercial banking; private equity and asset management. JPMorgan Chase Co. serves millions of consumers in the United States and also the worlds most prominent corporate, institutional and government clients. JPMorgan Chase Co. is built on the foundation of more than 1,000 predecessor institutions that has come together over the years to form todays company. Their many well-known heritage banks include J.P Morgan Co., The Chase Manhattan Bank, The First National Bank of Chicago, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co., Bank One, Chemical Bank and National Bank of Detroit, each closely tied in its time for innovations in finance and for the growth of the United States and global economies. (The History of JP Morgan Chase Co., 2008) 2. STUDY OF MERGER BETWEEN JP MORGAN CHASE (2000) On examining, there are four main paths are identified which explains explains the reasons behind the mergers activity. These paths are related to (1) creating economies of scales, (2) expanding in geographically means, (3) increasing the combined capital base (size) and product offerings, and (4) gaining the market power. In examining these paths, it appears that, at a much higher level in Porters fishbone framework, the mergers are driven by cost reductions than increasing the gross revenue. Global consolidation and Downsizing allowing banks in increasing its size and market capabilities while creating some technological efficiencies largely responsible for the cost savings of mergers. The research results on the financial performance of the merged banks have resulted in conflicting conclusions. While some research has found that bank acquisitions are not improving the financial performance of the combined banks (Baradwaj, Dubofsky, Fraser, 1992). When Chase Manhattan announced its merger with J.P. Morgan in September 2000, the companys shares were selling at $52. (Palia, 1994). Today, they make around $30, and the press is filled with reports of the companys performance. Getting bigger has not helped Chase Manhattan to get better. Nor has it helped other companies. The Wall Street Journal recently reported that the share prices of the 50 biggest corporate acquirers of the 1990s have fallen three times as much as the Dow Jones Industrial Average. (Toyne Tripp, 1998). The size counts, especially in addressing the complex problems that span geographies and functions. But bigger doesnt make a company better at serving customers. Chase is the product of two megadeals that came earlier, its mergers with Chemical Manufacturers Hanover and. J.P. Morgan is the part of the venerable House of Morgan which was traditionally a commercial bank, but has aggressively entered the investment banking business. After flirting with other merger partners from Europe and elsewhere, it finally offered the famous name and blue-chip client roster to its fellow New Yorker for about $36 billion in stock. (Madura Wiant, 1994) 2.1 Purpose of the study The history before the acquisition is very important to consider the enormity of the product. In 1991, Chemical Banking Corp. merged with Manufacturers Hanover Corp., keeping the name Chemical Banking Corp., then the second largest banking institution in the United States. In 1995, First Chicago Corp. merged with NBD Bancorp Inc., forming First Chicago NBD Corp., the largest banking company based in the Midwest. In 1996, Chemical Banking Corp. merged with The Chase Manhattan Corp., keeping the name The Chase Manhattan Corp. and creating what then was the largest bank holding company in the United States. 2.2 Significance of this study In 2000, The Chase Manhattan Corp. merged with J.P.Morgan Co. Incorporated, in effect combining four of the largest and oldest money center banking institutions in New York City (Morgan, Chase, Chemical and Manufacturers Hanover) into one firm called JPMorgan Chase Co. In 2004, Bank One Corp. merged with JPMorgan Chase Co., keeping the name JPMorgan Chase Co. In 2008, JPMorgan Chase Co. acquired The Bear Stearns Companies Inc., strengthening its capabilities across a broad range of businesses, including prime brokerage, cash clearing and energy trading globally. 2.3 Limitations It becomes abundantly clear that there is no clear direction in terms of the mergers and acquisitions that JPMorgan Chase Co. performed in before and after the marriage of the giants happened. The merger was hailed and appreciated at the time when one of the largest mergers was in a vogue. The merger seemed to have happened through lots of pressure from competition more than anything else. Even after these so many years of being together, it is not very easy to tell if the individual entities are acting as one. (Wilson, 2003) The problem faced is really because of cohesiveness and integration. Although the merger went through the lack of a proper regulatory authority to oversee such mergers leads to situations such as the sub-prime crisis of 2007-2008. RESEARCH MODEL 3.1. The Fish Bone Model The coding scheme adopted for the content analysis that was conceptualized in the Porter strategic model (Porter, 1980) as operationalized in a fishbone analysis framework (Nolan, Norton Company, 1986). The coding of the content of application approximates the use of a standardized questionnaire. Hence, content analysis has the advantage of both ease and high reliability, but it may be more limited in terms of content validity to the extent that the applications reflect the underlying stated merger decision rationale. These four paths are related to creating economies of scales, expanding geographically, increasing the combined capital base (size) and product offerings, and gaining market power. This appears that decreasing costs than increasing gross revenue drives much of the merger activity at a higher. Many of the applications stated that the reduction of costs as a reason for the merger. In addition to it, many of the applications went further than a general statement of cost reduction explaining that the combined institution would create economies of scales which would result in a reduction in costs as justification for their merger/acquisition request. 3.2 Elements of the Model -Location -Product -Competitors -Market Trends However, since the merger/acquisitions within the banking industry should provide certain data (i.e. Community Reinvestment Act compliance or Herfindahl Indexes) to reinforce the merger/acquisition stated rationale, there is more validity in the stated rationale for mergers/acquisitions of this industry than in others using this approach (Cornett De, 1991). The use of the widely accepted Porter strategic model provides an appropriate framework for both inductive and deductive conclusions. 3.3. Previous Research Findings The model provides a tight linkage to the strategy literature for validity of the coding categories. More than that, the use of multiple coders and a referee insure a high degree of reliability in coding effort. For each application, two coders independently code each paragraph and the results are entered into a spreadsheet for data management purposes. The results of the two coders were then compared, and, if there was any disagreement, the referee discussed the differences with the other coders and made a final determination. For each application, a resultant tabulation was created and overlaid upon the fishbone for visual inspection. Hence, this model contains the total numerical count of the entire sample. 3.4. Critics for the Previous Research Previous literature finds an empirical evidence of links between mergers and financial performance, measured in terms of either profitability or operating efficiency (Berger, Demsetz, Strahan, 1999). The US experience cannot be a global paradigm because US banks has dominance in the global financial arena. Prior to the US bank merger wave, the banks that operated with long standing geographic restrictions, could not expand their branch networks when market opportunities arose outside their market areas. Hence, a sustained period of banking distress began in 1981. The thrift industry collapsed; many banks experienced distress in the early 1980s due to credit problems ranging from Latin American loans, loans in oil-rich domestic areas, loans for corporate mergers and commercial real estate. The failing or troubled institutions were often are taken over by expansion-oriented commercial banks; Nations bank grew through astute acquisitions during the period. Government-assisted mergers accounted for majority of the bank mergers in the United States between 1982 and 1989. This period of distress mergers led to a shift in regulatory philosophy. Until this period, regulators guided by the antitrust law and the Bank Holding Company Acts of 1956 and 1970 placed some restrictions on bank activities and expansion, using the criteria that firms with monopolistic power will exploit it. In this period, many regulatory economists adopted Chicago new learning approach, which shifted the attention from monopoly position to contestability. Regulatory test for market power was weakened, that permitted federal regulators to override product-line and geographic restrictions in approving distress mergers. The Federal Reserve used regulatory flexibility to force modernization in U.S. banking laws. Bank regulators increasingly operated on the premise that the industry is overbanked and financial innovations has made capital and credit universally available. One approach was the emergence of an upscale retail banking strategy. PREVIOUS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The Banks using this approach identify a preferred customer base to which they can deliver both traditional banking services-short-term consumer loans, long-term mortgages, depository services-and nontraditional services such as mutual funds, insurance, and investment advice. The second and related approach was a shift away from maturity transformation and interest-based income, towards maturity matching, secondary market sales, and fee-based income. Much of the revenue from upscale households take the form of fees, encouraged by the growth of secondary loan markets and of banks involvement in the household portfolio management. The proportion of interest expenses within banks overall expenses is declined since 1982; noninterest income has been an increasing share of bank income since 1978 (DeYoung, 1994). Large banking firms have led to the second phase of the U.S. bank merger wave because they have most aggressively pursued upscale-retail and fee-based strategies. Since the banks are not more efficient or more profitable than the smaller banks they purchase, earnings increase have not financed these acquisitions, while Wall Street has. Wall Streets analysts have adopted the concept of banking industry excess capacity; and brokers and underwriters have earned the substantial fees from the equity issues that have provided the cash needed to sweeten offers for target banks equity shares (Serwer, 1995) (Chong, 1991). CONCLUSION Although there are many frameworks used for analysis of other industries, they often do not work within the banking industry because of the imposed regulatory constraints; the model reveals that the Porter Model will be suitable in this case for examining the rationale behind the merger/acquisition activity for the banking industry. There are four main paths, for the period examined that explains the reasons behind the mergers/acquisitions activity. Utilizing the synergies between the two partners is a common phrase found throughout the applications. The usual scenario is that the smaller partners will combine with the larger partners in order to develop the economies of scale and also to reduce their combined costs. The remaining three paths are related to increasing gross revenue but at a much lower level on the fishbone framework. Most of the applications justified the merger either directly or indirectly by referencing the combined banks ability to expand geographically into various markets that the individual banks had not previously had a market presence. As a result, through the geographical expansion, the bank would be able to decrease the total risk as well as increase the sales of the products and, thus, increase overall gross revenue. Many of the merger/acquisition either directly or indirectly justified their mergers through the fact that the combined asset base (size) would be larger and, thus, allowing the banks to make loans to companies that the individual banks could not have previously serviced due to capital base lending regulatory restrictions. In essence, the larger capital base allowed the merged institutions to offer a new product (jumbo loans) to an existing customer or to gain new customer through the new product offering. In addition, on the same path many of the applications justified the merger through the ability to offer a greater array of products. The smaller partner (usually) would be able to offer products already carried by the larger partner and that previously due to the smaller partners size they had not able to offer. In both cases, the merger would allow the combined institution to offer a greater product array increasing their sales and, thereby, increasing gross revenue. The last path deals with the, often, indirect merger justifications of increasing market power. Through the merger, the merged banks would be better able to compete with banks within their market, increasing their product sales, and, thus, their gross revenue.

The Neurobiology of Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Biology Essays Resear

The Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease In neuroscience it is assumed that the central nervous system governs and defines all aspects of behavior (Grobstein, 1998). Therefore, the brain, the hub of the central nervous system, is responsible for integrating all sensory and motor patterning. To understand the mechanisms of neurobiology it is often useful to observe the nervous system at the level of the neuron. Integration and communication between neurons is facilitated by neurotransmitters, chemicals which act as intermediaries at the synaptic gap (Delcomyn, 1998). Many behavioral disorders have a neurochemical basis, oftentimes associated with abnormal neurotransmitter activity. These abnormalities are thought to stem from interactions between genetics and the environment. One of these disorders is Parkinson's Disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by a deficit in the neurotransmitter dopamine (NHGRI, 1998). Parkinson's Disease affects more than a million Americans a year and is distributed equally geographically, in both men and women, and between socio-economic classes (PD Web, 1998). Although the probability of developing the disease is somewhat equal in all populations, recent studies have shown that African-Americans and Asians are less likely to exhibit Parkinson's symptoms than those of European descent (PD Web, 1998). It was first formally identified by British physician James Parkinson in 1817 as "The Shaking Palsy", however, it is thought that the disease has been around for thousands of years. Described as early as 5000 B.C. in the Indian Ayurvedic medicinal tradition and in the Nei Jing, the first Chinese medical text 2500 years ago, Parkinson's disease has been a constant cha... ...ces Consulted: 1)Awakenings. 1998. Parkinson's Disease, Treatment Options. http://www.parkinsondisease.com/ 2)Cosgrove, G.R. 1998. Neurosurgery Web Page. Practical Information Regarding Stereotactic Pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease. http://www.neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/pd-pract.html 3)Delcomyn, F. 1998. Foundations of Neurobiology. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. 4)Grobstein, P. 1998. Neurobiology and Behavior Lectures, Bryn Mawr College. 5)National Human Genome Research Institute. 1998. Parkinson's Disease- Research News. http://www.genome.gov/DIR/LGDR/PARK2/background_info.html 6)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Hope Through Research. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/healinfo/disorder/parkinso/pdhtr.htm 7)PD Web: Parkinson's Disease Website. 1998. http://www.pdweb.mgh.harvard.edu/IntroPD/Intro.html

Academic Dishonesty

Academic dishonesty in whatever form is a direct attack upon a prestigious educational institution particularly the faculty concerned. It humiliates the integrity of the University and further, it dehumanizes the personality of the teaching personnel by insulting and injuring his individuality.According to Miami Dade College Manual of Procedures, cheating during examinations, collaboration and misrepresentation of work, com/online-plagiarism-checker/">plagiarism as well as stealing examinations or course material and falsifying records constitute the subtle â€Å"criminal† act of academic dishonesty.As such Policy IV-5 on Student Rights and Responsibilities with Statutory Reference FLORIDA STATUTE 1006.50 has been implemented by said college.Dishonest activities as mentioned above will not only demean and depreciate the values of students but may disturb them psychologically and emotionally. Somehow students may feel a tinge of guilt and maybe tension resulting to stress which could further affect their school performance and may not facilitate learning.For whatever it is worth, the student performing acts of academic dishonesty will always be at the losing end especially when caught and penalized. Worse, it may destroy his future by committing an offensive record thus limiting his opportunities to more promising careers.Submitted requirements by students must stand for the efforts they exerted in completing such. Cheating is the unauthorized use of information or study guides in any academic exercise (UCSB, 1995). It may include copying answers from others taking the same examination. Using irrelevant notes written on any material is also prohibited.In take-home examinations, sharing of answers is also a form of cheating. Tampering of examination results and taking examinations for another person and asking someone else to take your examination are also taboo in colleges and universities.And among the latest innovations of cheating is utilizing the assi stance of essay-writing companies especially those found in the Internet. The so-called â€Å"Internet revolution† provides very accessible ways of helping students finish various types of paper work while earning.Many writing jobs are open in the Internet which caters this need for papers in different academic levels — high school, undergraduate, masters and Ph.D.   Any student may find this convenient and relaxing plus a guaranteed good grade, however, learning and money are sacrificed in this method. Writing is not enhanced and may hinder the development of this skill among future academicians and degree holders.Another huge misconduct related to academic dishonesty among students, professors and researchers is plagiarism. Plagiarism is academic theft (UCSB, 1995). It is stealing and claiming the words and thoughts of another person without acknowledging it through proper citations. Thus, giving the author due credit is denied.Proper citations and documentation mus t be given in quoted lines or messages, paraphrased or summarized lines, and unique ideas, facts and data given by a particular author. Plagiarism has expanded in the advent of Internet technology.The â€Å"cut and paste† method of making papers has become frequent though some Internet programs to check paper works for plagiarism are now advocated to minimize this unethical behavior. As a consequence, penalties for plagiarism are oftentimes harsh.High school students may fail on particular subjects where they plagiarized certain papers or projects. In colleges and universities, some policies allow for failure of the subject, suspension from attending classes and worst, expulsion from the institution.In Miami Dade College, sanctions for academic dishonesty are categorized as Level I and Level II. For serious offenses, there are preliminary meetings conducted between the faculty and the student.After which, a Notice of Charge is issued by the Dean upon the recommendation from t he Department Chairperson if the sanction belongs to Level II. The hearing process follows in the presence of the Academic Hearing Committee (AHC) together with the parties involved in the case. The AHC then renders the decision as to the fate of the guilty party.Collaboration and misrepresentation of work is also common among students especially the tardy ones and overly busy types and those involved in too many extracurricular activities.Academic dishonesty in this case is hard to determine though as some professors may assign papers and projects by partners or groups, nevertheless, the pair or members of the group must work independently and do their share in making the requirement successful. Inventing data and manipulating results are also huge immoral offenses. The collaborators should give full credit to those who contributed to the work done.Each writer should remember that one mistake of academic dishonesty may cost you your name and credibility in the academe which unfortu nately is binding and irrevocable. It is difficult to regain back the respect you have earned as a student, professor, author or researcher.Asking for assistance is not bad, however, it is but wise to use this other’s help only as a basis for our work. The best papers have always been our original ideas which can be appreciated more perhaps by our readers.ReferencesMiami Dade College. (2006). Miami Dade College Manual of Procedures. Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://mdc.edu/procedures/University of California Santa Barbara. (1995). The Academic Dishonesty Question: A Guide to an Answer through Education, Prevention, Adjudication, and Obligation Academic Dishonesty Though a rapidly grown trend not only in our higher institutions of learning but also the lower levels, cheating in the course work in any form ranging from the class work to the main examinations is a terrible breach of the rules in most institutions and the education system as a whole.In an attempt to solve the suicidal issue to the academic lives of the students, many theories dealing with the sociology around the student’s life have been used as we shall examine in the proceeding chapters of our paper.Does Cheating Really Occur?From his book (Haaland, 2006, p. 67) informs us that a recent study conducted by The Rutgers University and The University of Guelph in a sample of 15,000 university students in five provinces admitted to several dishonesty behaviors in the examination which were sampled as: 53% of them admitting to having cheated on a written project, admitting to have cheated in an exam was in 18% of the students and many other testimonies from the students which showed how much the habit is rampant in schools.The same survey also indicated that 48% of teachers and lecturers admitted to having caught students cheating in exams though they had no tangible evidence to take the issue seriously (Haaland, 2006, p. 98) by punishing the student or reporting the matter to the concerned authorities within the school.What Methods Do the Students Employ in Cheating?From our sociology, it is common knowledge that the different structures in the society we live in go a great mileage in determining the shape that our behaviors conform to (Kutscher, 2008, p. 37). It is due to this basic reason that we are going to view the methods our students use to cheat in reference to the major social theories:The Conflict TheoryAs (Kutscher, 2008, p. 73) displays the aspect in the theory, we can deduce that the various units in the society are always involved in innovations as a way of outsmarting each other in the societal ranks. To a great extent, this has resulted to students collaborating with other students with an aim of outdoing a certain group in the classroom. This ends up with the learners liaising with each other to perfume the course work hence the personal assessment is not affected. Though it heavily leans on the culture and the intellectual phenomenon of the people, postmodernism results in to innovations that seek to improve the life standards of the people. In our current educational world, modernization has come a long way in impacting positively to the system though it is to a large extent creating big loopholes for our students to maximize on for cheating.The internet as (Kutscher, 2008, p. 57) tells us has created a healthy avenue for the lazy students as with the click of the mouse, they can call an assignment or research done. Superior papers.com just to mention but one of them is a website where the students easily and at very affordable fees purchase already written essay for presentation to the teacher.Quite a highly technical method that the students use to cheat in the course of their learning in the modern world unlike those methods that were traditionally used. Although traditional, some of the methods are still used by students today like writin g answers on body parts and on pieces of cloth or paper as (Kutscher, 2008, p. 98) puts it. In an attempt to eradicate the wide spread social evil of cheating in students, identification of the contributing factors to the trend is very important as it gives us a leeway to follow. Some of the most striking reasons are inclusive of:  Conformity Social Stigma(Kutscher, 2007, p. 121) partially lays the blame of the trend on the fact that the student culture is progressively transmitted to the students either knowingly or otherwise. Students are coiled in to viewing their work as more collaborative and not individual as it used to be in the traditional times. This smoothly leads even innocent students in to the poor practice and it therefore becomes a trend that almost has to be followed.Class systemUn due pressure on the students in terms of the expectations laid on them in the classroom can also be cited as a contributing factor to the increased rate of students insincerity in the institutions of learning (Kutscher, 2007, p. 71).The limited nature of time for students to per form their duties may be an explanation to some of the cheating as they are striving to beat the deadlines that are tightly placed. (Kutscher, 2007, p. 83) adds that compromising situations in the classroom may also push the student to cheating like punishment set in the classroom due to failure may force a poor student to cheat as away of running out of the punishment.RecommendationsFrom the well-built facts in the pages above, we are able to single out one problem in the whole scenario. Concerned authorities keep on repeating to the students not to cheat yet they do not sit down with them and seriously deliberate on the matter.By doing this, the teachers can be made aware of more reason why students cheat from the students themselves. On the other hand, the students will also be officially made aware of the harms of cheating not only to their chances in the school but also their intellectual lives.Work CitedHaaland, B (2006), Sociology: A Brief Introduction: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Hi gher   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education, CanadaKutscher, M (2007), Kids in the Syndrome Mix: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Boston Kutscher, M (2008), Living Without Breaks: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Boston